Taiwan plans to set up an aquarium fish R&D and export centre in 2011 in an effort of becoming Asia’s main aquarium fish exporter, a Council of Agriculture (COA) official said Wednesday.

Construction is scheduled to commence next year in the Pingtung Agricultural Biotechnology Park (PABP).

Right now, the yearly Taiwanese export of aquarium fish is no larger than 3 million USD, while Singapore has an annual export valued well above 60 million USD.

Chen Chien-pin, head of the preparatory office of the PABP, predicts that the value of the Taiwanese aquarium fish export will exceed that of Singapore when the centre as been in operation for five years.

The estimated price tag for the new facility is 1.19 billion New Taiwan Dollars, which is roughly equivalent of 37 million USD.

The invasive Asian carps seem to have bypassed the electric barrier built to protect the North American Great Lakes from potential ecological disaster.

Bighead and Silver carp DNA has been found in the Calumet River, Des Plaines River and at the confluence of the Calumet Sag Channel and the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, federal and state officials announced Friday.

U.S. authorities regularly test for Asian carp DNA in suspended particles floating in river currents in this region, and positive test results have now appeared less than seven miles from Lake Michigan.

The carps are believed to have jumped over the electrical barrier commonly referred to as the “last line of defense” for the Great Lakes.

Authorities are now trying to locate the carps and catch them.

Why are the Asian carps such unwelcomed visitors?

The Asian carps wreck havoc with the native ecosystem by outcompeting local species for food.

They were deliberately brought to North America by catfish farmers to keep farm ponds clean, but managed to escape into the wild during a series of powerful flooding incidents in the 1990s. Since then, they have gradually expanded their range up the Mississippi and Illinois rivers.

Massive fish death is planned for the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, historically known as the Chicago Drainage Canal, in northern United States.

Starting early next month, authorities will inject the powerful fish poison Rotenone into a five-mile stretch of the canal; from Lockport Locks to the electronic barrier system near 135th Street in Romeoville. The government wants to stop Asian carps from entering the Great Lakes while one of the electronic barriers is shut down for routine maintenance.

Completed in the year 1900, the canal is the only shipping link between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River system, and the aim of the mass killings is to save the Great Lakes ecosystem from the Asian invaders that have found their way into the manmade waterway.

Two species of Asian carp – the bighead* and the silver** – were imported by catfish farmers in the 1970’s to remove algae and suspended matter from the catfish ponds. During the early 1990s, large floods in the area made farm ponds overflow, giving the carps a chance to escape into the Mississippi River basin.

Since then, the carps have steadily made their way up the Mississippi river and are today the two most abundant species in parts of the system. They outcompete native species and cause starvation in large native game fish by devouring such large amounts of plankton.

Introducing rotenone to the canal will kill all fish, not just the Asian carps, and this has naturally stirred up some controversy. The poison is said to be safe to people, pets and other wildlife in the area, but no one should eat any fish killed by the chemical.

The plans to poison the canal were announced during a special telephone press conference Friday afternoon with members of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Coast Guard and the United States Environmental Protection Agency.

“This plan has been developed with input from many biologists and scientists who all agree this is the best course of action,” said John Rogner, assistant director of the IDNR. “All of the (dead) fish will be removed and disposed of in our landfills. The clean up will take a couple of days and the cold water should remove any odours.”

Electro-fishing techniques will be used to remove and relocate as much game fish as possible from the canal prior to the release of the poison, and there are also plans to restock game fish in the area afterwards, as soon as chemical accelerants have been applied to remove the rotenone from the water.

* Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)
** Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

An aquarium fish has survived seven months in a fish tank without being fed or cared for, since its owner is in police custody after being accused of killing two Chilean students and wounding three others.

When employees from Contractor’s Choice and members of the Summer Lake Homeowners Association walked into the vacant town house at Miramar Beach, Florida, they discovered what appears to be a plecostomus.

The fish was apparently overlooked when lawmen removed the other pets – fish and birds – from the home after the arrest of the pet owner Dannie Baker. The fish went unnoticed for so long because Baker’s home was closed to the homeowners association after the arrest.

“I was very upset because I thought the police had taken everything after Dannie’s arrest,” said Dianne Richmond, vice president of the homeowners association. “This poor fish has been in that boiling house with no air conditioning and nothing to eat for about seven months.”

The pleco was discovered by the fiancée of Contractor’s Choice owner, who noticed something moving in the tank and sprinkled some fish food in the water. This caused the pleco to swim out into the open to feed.

When the pleco was discovered, much of the water in its tank had evaporated and the remaining water had turned dark.

Josh Olis, an account manager at Contractor’s Choice, said he didn’t believe it when his boss told him a fish was still alive in the tank. After seeing it for himself, he and the owner refilled the tank with about 50 gallons of water. He said he will make sure the fish is fed for as long as the company is working in the home. The contractors have even given the fish a name – Theo.

“I think we’re going to accept him into the cleaning family for now,” Olis said. “He’s been living in that tank for so long, surviving off algae. I have so much respect for him, I had to name him.”

The employees at Contractor’s Choice are now looking for a permanent home for Theo.

“This poor fish has really worked for a new home,” Richmond said. “It’s a wonder he’s survived this.”

AC Comment

Although I certainly don’t recommend neglecting your plecos for seven months, I’m not very surprised that Theo was alive and kicking when they found him. Many of the catfish species commonly referred to as plecos are algae-eaters (especially when young), so if there was any light coming into the room, Theo probably had some food to eat since nobody was there scrubbing away the algae. It all comes down to how large the tank is; a big tank may generate enough algae to keep a pleco alive (albeit hungry and malnourished) for several months.

Also, the natural habitat of plecos is Central and South America, so living without air conditioning in Florida is probably not something that bothered Theo much, especially if the aquarium was placed in a location where it was sheltered from sunlight during the harshest hours of the day.

Evaporation on the other hand, that is a real threat. The build up of waste in the water was probably tolerated by Theo since the progress was slow and gradual, but eventually ending up with hardly any water due to evaporation would naturally have killed him.

Last but not least, a word of caution. Although the employees of Contractor’s Choice acted admirably and should be applauded for taking such an interested in an abandoned fish, giving Theo 50 gallons of new water was actually quite risky since such a rapid change of water quality (and probably also temperature) can be lethal to fish – especially if the tap water is also heavily chlorinated. (But this is naturally impossible to know unless you’re an aquarist so I don’t mean to sound condescending here.) If you find a neglected fish, the safest method is to gradually change water quality and temperature until conditions are ideal for that particular species.

A new method for distinguishing between tuna species has been presented in a paper co-authored by Dr Jordi Viñas, a fish genetics specialist at Girona University in Spain and Dr Sergi Tudela, Head of Fisheries of WWF Mediterranean.

The new method is based on gene sequencing and the researchers hope that it will support fisheries management and make trade restrictions possible for endangered species of tuna, since it can be used to accurately identify the species from any kind of processed tuna issue. It works for all eight recognized species of tuna, including highly endangered species like the Southern and Pacific bluefin tuna.

The true tunas belong to the genus Thunnus and are among the most endangered of all commercially exploited fish. They are also high priced, so when you pick up some cheap tinned fish in the supermarket the box will rarely contain Thunnus; the content will in most cases have been made from fish belonging to related families such as mackerels.

The Principality of Monaco has already lodged an application before the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) for a trade ban on the endangered Atlantic (Northern) bluefin tuna.

The paper – “A Validated Methodology for Genetic Identification of Tuna

Species (Genus Thunnus)” – was published on October 27 in the journal PLoS ONE.

http://www.plosone.org/

The Monterey Bay Aquarium has launched a national campaign asking top U.S. chefs and culinary decision makers to take a “Save Our Seafood” pledge not to serve items listed in the “avoid” section of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch List.

Seafood Watch is one of the best known sustainable seafood advisory lists, compiled by the Monterey Bay Aquarium. The origin of the list can be traced back to the “Fishing for Solutions” exhibit which ran at the Monterey Bay Aquarium from 1997 to 1999.

The list consists of an avoid list and a good-alternative list and is updated twice a year. The website (http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/seafoodwatch.aspx ) is updated even more frequently.

“Ocean life is still in decline and we clearly need to take urgent action to turn things around,” said aquarium Executive Director Julie Packard. “The good news is that we know what it will take, and that key players are working more closely than ever to solve the problems. I’m confident that we can and will create a future with healthy oceans.”

So far, about two dozen top culinary professionals from across the nation have agreed to adhere to the list, including Susan Spicer (Bayona, New Orleans), Rick Bayless (Frontera Grill/Topolobampo, Chicago), Suzanne Goin (Lucques, Los Angeles), Mary Sue Milliken and Susan Feniger (Border Grill/Ciudad, Los Angeles), Fedele Bauccio (Bon Appetit Management Co., Palo Alto), Rick Moonen (rm seafood, Las Vegas), Michelle Bernstein

(Michy’s, Miami), Alton Brown (Be Square Productions, Atlanta), and Michel Nischan (The Dressing Room, Westport, Conn.).

Monterey Bay Aquarium is also working with 14 nonprofit organizations across the United States and Canada as part of the Conservation Alliance for Seafood Solutions (www.solutionsforseafood.org). Participating organizations have crafted a Common Vision for Environmentally Sustainable Seafood to help seafood buyers and suppliers develop comprehensive, corporate policies on sustainable seafood. Since the debut of the Common Vision in 2008, more than 20 major companies across North America have pledged their support.

The Indonesian Navy (TNI AL) has officially announced that they are deploying five warships and one reconnaissance plane to protect the Natuna waters from illegal fishing and poaching.

“The five warships and reconnaissance plane have conducted routine patrols in the Natuna waters as part of efforts to reduce the number of fish thefts,” S.M. Darojatim, Commander of the Main Naval Base IV Commodore, announced Tuesday.

He also stated that the Natuna waters and the South China Sea were vulnerable to a number of criminal offences, including fish and coral thefts.

“The Pontianak naval base has so far secured the West Kalimantan waters well so that it sets a good example to other naval bases to safeguard the Indonesian waters,” said the commander.

Natuna Sea Facts

The Natuna Sea is a part of the South China Sea and home to an archipelago of 272 islands, located between east and west Malaysia and the Kalimantan (the Indonesian portion of the island Borneo). The islands form a part of the Indonesian Riau province and is the northernmost non-disputed island group in Indonesia.

The islands are populated with roughly 100,000 people, most of them farmers and fishermen. The beaches are important nesting sites for sea turtles and the surrounding waters are filled with biodiverse coral reefs. The archipelago is also famous for its rich avifauna with over 70 different described species of bird, including rare ones like the Natuna Serpent-eagle and the Lesser Fish-eagle. The islands are also home to primates, such as the Natuna Banded Leaf Monkey which is considered one of the 25 most endangered primates in the world.

Researchers from Emory University have identified the first fish to have switched from ultraviolet vision to violet vision, i.e. the ability to see blue light. This fish in question – a type of scabbardfish – is also the first example of an animal where a deleted molecule has resulted in a change in visual spectrum.

Many species, including humans, have violet vision but our common vertebrate ancestor had UV-vision and could not sense the blue colour spectrum.

All fish studied before the scabbardfish have been found to have UV vision. The scabbardfish is believed to have switched from UV vision to violet vision by deleting the molecule at site 86 in the chain of amino acids that makes up the opsin protein.

“Normally, amino acid changes cause small structure changes, but in this case, a critical amino acid was deleted,” Yokoyama explains.

Vision is of particular interest to evolutionary geneticists since it is a comparatively straight-forward sensory system with a low number of genes involved. Human vision is for instance made possible by no more than four genes.

“It’s amazing, but you can mix together this small number of genes and detect a whole color spectrum,” says evolutionary geneticist and research team leader Shozo Yokoyama. “It’s just like a painting.”

In their study, the Emory researchers linked molecular evolution to functional changes and the possible environmental factors driving them.

“This multi-dimensional approach strengthens the case for the importance of adaptive evolution,” says Yokoyama. “Building on this framework will take studies of natural selection to the next level.”

The Scabbardfish spends most of its life at a depth of 25-100 meters and at these depths UV light is less intense then violet light, something which may have prompted the change in vision. Living deep down in the ocean will however not necessarily make you benefit from a vision switch; the Lampfish has for instance retained its UV vision – most likely because it swims up to the surface at night to feed on translucent crustaceans that are easier to locate if you have UV vision.

“The finding implies that we can find more examples of a similar switch to violet vision in different fish lineages,” says Yokoyama. “Comparing violet and UV pigments in fish living in different habitats will open an unprecedented opportunity to clarify the molecular basis of phenotypic adaptations, along with the genetics of UV and violet vision.”

The article has been published in the October 13 issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

http://www.pnas.org

In addition to evolutionary geneticist Shozo Yokoyama, the research team also included post-doctoral fellow in biology Takashi Tada and post-doctoral fellow in biology and computational chemistry Ahmet Altun.

The National Marine Aquarium in Plymouth, UK has received some attention in the press after chartering a Boeing 767 to fly in a 42-tonne cargo of Caribbean fish for a new exhibition.

The fish – 100 specimens from 18 different species – was purchased from the Ocean World aquarium in Barbados and will arrive to the UK in 19 purpose-built tanks. The sharks, rays and other fish will then be escorted by the police to their new homes in the National Marine Aquarium.

Chartering a Boeing 767 for this type of tropical import costs roughly £100,000, which is almost 160,000 USD.

In most species, a male specimen will usually don’t invest a lot of time or energy in caring for young when there is a good chance that he is not their father. There are how ever exceptions to this rule, such as the Ocellated wrasse.

Yale University researchers studying the breeding behaviour of this Mediterranean fish have found that a male Ocellated wrasse is more likely to care for the offspring when there is grave doubt about who actually fathered them.

The study also showed that female Ocellated wrasse will deposit more eggs in a nest where the nesting male is surrounded by non-nesting “sneaker males”; males who are keen to fertilize the eggs but have no plans ever caring for the offspring. Females will also deposit more eggs in nests where there are already large numbers of offspring.

“Parental male oscellated wrasse are more likely to care for offspring in this sperm-filled  environment than in nests in which there is less sexual competition”, said Suzanne H. Alonzo, assistant professor of ecology and evolutionary biology and co-author of the study.

Even though the caring male has a greater chance of ending up taking care of someone else’s offspring if he allow other males to hang around, he still benefits from having a lot of “sneaker males” near his nest since it will make the females deposit more eggs.

“While our simpler theories have trouble explaining the diversity of what we observe in nature, these patterns do have explanations,” Alonzo said. “The paper suggests we may have oversimplified the evolutionary dynamics of how these things work.”

The paper has been published in the edition of the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. The study was carried out by Suzanne H. Alonzo, assistant professor of ecology and evolutionary biology and Kellie L. Heckman, a postdoctoral fellow in the department.