Last month, 82 Green sea turtles hatched at SeaWorld in San Diego, California.

The eggs hatched on Shipwreck Beach and the youngsters didn’t need any human aid to get out of their shells and into the water. The park had decided to let nature take its course by refraining from incubating the eggs or help the hatchlings emerge. SeaWorld are now planning to dig up the beach to check if any buried eggs failed to hatch.

At the moment, the baby sea turtles are roughly one month old and only weigh a few grams. They happily feed on squid, shrimp, krill and special pellets. Assistant curator of fishes Tim Downing says they are all in excellent health and that they will go on display before the end of the year.

“There is so much that is not known about sea turtles,” said Downing. “We are getting real good information on the growth rate of juveniles. They are all gaining weight and doing well. We have done some X-rays, and they are progressing just like we would expect them to.”

SeaWorld is home to 30 adult sea turtles, including four Green sea turtles – three females and one male. They have been living at SeaWorld since the 1960s and are sexually mature, so all three females may have buried eggs in the sand. Only genetic testing will be able to reveal the maternity of each baby turtle.

All seven species of sea turtle in the world are endangered or threatened, with the Green sea turtle being listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It will be up to the National Marine Fisheries Service and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to determine whether the new turtles will stay at SeaWorld and whether the adult turtles will be given opportunity to mate again next year.

Several types of commonly used fish egg disinfectants increase the risk of swim bladder disorder in fish, a new study from Israel reveals.

In an effort to prevent fungal growth, many fish breeders use various chemicals, such as methylene blue, hydrogen peroxide, acriflavine and chloramine-T to aquariums where eggs are kept. This practise is especially common among breeders who will not let the parents stay with eggs and fry. Many fish species carry out parental care and eggs from such species often depend on one or both parents gently fanning fresh water over them and manually removing any unfertilized eggs from the batch. Without such parental care, the eggs easily succumb to fungi unless the fish breeder adds some type of fungicide to the water.

The new Israeli study, which focused on Angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare), revealed that some of these chemicals may be responsible for a swim bladder disorder in developing fish. In fish suffering from this type of disorder, the swim bladder can not inflate properly and the fry fails to develop into a fully free-swimming adult. Among aquarists, such fish are commonly known as “belly sliders” due to their peculiar way of moving around the fish tank.

Methylene blue

Eggs hatched in the presence of 1, 2 and 5 ppm methylene blue exhibited significant increases in swim bladder non-inflation (11%, 9% and 33%, respectively; none in controls).

Time of exposure to methylene blue was a key factor. Exposure for up to 1 day post-hatch did not affect swim bladder non-inflation, but exposure from 2 days onwards significantly increased swim bladder non-inflation.

Hydrogen peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide at 250 ppm significantly increased swim bladder non-inflation (65% comparing to 27% in the control). Higher concentrations resulted in 100% mortality.

Acriflavin

Exposure to acriflavin at 2.25 ppm, but not 1.25 ppm, significantly increased swim bladder non-inflation (75% and 52% respectively; 20% in controls).

Chloramin-T

Chloramine-T did not significantly affect swim bladder non-inflation.

For more information, see the paper “C. Sanabriaa, A. Diamantb and D. Zilberga (2009) – Effects of commonly used disinfectants and temperature on swim bladder non-inflation in freshwater angelfish, Pterophyllum scalare (Lichtenstein)”. The paper has been published in the journal Aquaculture.