Yucatan

Scientists specializing in the area of underwater archeology, have just unearthed what appear to be four complete skulls of the extinct Arctotherium – a kind of stout faced bear which vanished off the face of the planet over 11,000 years ago – 42 meters beneath the waves, in an underwater cave on the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico.

The skulls, which measured between 25 and 30 centimeters, belonged to two adult bears – one male and one female – as well as two bears which had not yet reached adulthood. It is not known whether these bears were a family unit or not, and that answer is not likely going to be easy to find out from just the skulls of the bears. A team of scientists, led by Guillermo de Anda Alanis, from the Yucatan Autonomous University, unearthed these skulls when they were making a dive through the underwater caverns.

Along with the skulls of the bears, the team also uncovered the skeletons of five humans not too far away. As soon as the dating of the human skeletons has been completed, they will be able to ascertain if the two finds are related.

The discovery of the skulls will help to initiate a change of thinking when it comes to the biogeography of bears in the Americas – Arcotherium was believed to have only made its home in South America. The only living descendant of these prehistoric bears is the spectacled bear which makes its home in Venezuela.

Bonnie Schubert, along with her eighty-seven year old mother, have been scouring the coast of Florida for decades in the search of treasure.

In a common day they will burrow up to a dozen times, dive deep into murky water, and wind up with a beer can or fishing lure for their efforts.

“I spent a whole season and only came up with a musket ball,” explains Bonnie.

However, on one such excursion this past August, the Schuberts were searching near Frederick Douglass Beach when they hit the motherlode.

“The first thing that came into focus was the head of the bird and the wing…and it was something I never imagined…just didn’t expect at all..” Bonnie recalls.

What they had stumbled upon was a 22-carat solid gold bird, a find they thing may date back to 1715, as part of a cargo of a lost Spanish ship. This Spanish fleet, which wrecked close to Fort Pierce, is believed to have dumped millions of dollars of gold and jewels all along the bottom.

“It’s truly been amazing. It’s not something we could have ever predicted,” commented a principal with 1715 Fleet-Queen’s Jewels, LLC, the corporation that holds the rights to treasure hunting in the region, Brent Brisbane.

While the Schuberts obviously have a claim, however the State may wish to have the bird, leading to some “treasure trading” to make things right. However, there is no doubt that this mother-daughter dive team has found the find of their lifetime.

Champagne

“For this wine, time has stood still,” commented chief cellarman of Veuve-Clicquot, after swirling the two hundred year old wine around in his mouth. This spectacular find was found off of Sweden.

A bottle of champagne which is purportedly two hundred some odd years old was found in a shipwreck at the bottom of the Baltic, it tastes exceptional, however, it is not found the house of Veuve-Clicquot as was previously assumed.

Last month, Swedish divers making their rounds off of Finland, came across 30 bottles of perfectly preserved champagne at a depth of 180 feet. These bottles of champagne may just have been part of a consignment sent by King Louis XVI (of France) to the Russian Imperial Court.

Due to the fact that the corks still had a hint of an anchor logo, experts originally thought that the champagne might have come from the historic Veuve-Clicquot estate, which till this day, is still one of the best brands in terms of champagne.

However, after being put to the test, the firm has said that while it is perfectly preserved, the brew came from the now non-existent Juglar house.

“For this wine, time has stood still,” commented chief cellarman, Dominique Demarville, of Veuve-Clicquot, one of a small number of people who has had the privilege to sample a few millimeters of the discovery.
“It seems to me that it must taste the same as it did when it was made.”

Scientists and other researchers have examined some ancient fossils which were identified as the remains of a rather small monkey which is extinct.

These remains were found and brought back to the surface by divers from an underwater cave in the Dominican Republic.

The researchers who examined the fossils have come to the conclusion that the remains are somewhere in the neighborhood of 3,000 years old, but are saying that the species of monkey which these remains came from, could be much much older.

This sheds some light about the origin of primates in the region.

It may also suggest that many more ecologically valuable treasures could be unearthed beneath the sea, by the rather unusual field of study known as “underwater paleontology”

A researcher from the Brooklyn College in New York, Dr. Alfred Rosenburger, was in charge of the examination process of the tiny monkey’s bones, the results of this process were then published in the Royal Society journal Proceedings B.

Dr. Rosenburger has explained that the fossils which were incovered, including an almost complete skull, were discovered by a crack team of scuba divers who were spelunking in the underwater cave in the area.

“It’s miraculous that they even saw it,” he said, “When they discovered it, they were fearful the bones were exposed, so they moved the material to a little nook to protect it.”

Upon learning of he discovery Dr. Rosenburger went about getting official permission to take the fossil out of the cave, and then returned with the scuba divers October of last year to pick them up.

The bones were packed into tupperware containers, and then brought to the surface by the divers.

Champagne

Divers have recently uncovered what might just be the world’s oldest champagne (which hasn’t turned to vinegar) in a shipwreck off the Baltic Sea. They celebrated by popping open a bottle even before they made it back to dry land.

Christian Ekstrom, a diving instructor, has said that the champagne is thought to be from the 1780s and was likely on its way to Russia before it met its fate. The origin of the wreck has not yet been determined.

“We brought up the bottle to be able to establish how old the wreck was,” he said at a press conference, “We didn’t know it would be champagne. We thought it was wine or something.”

He went on to say that the diving team was ecstatic when they popped open a bottle after hauling the find up some 200 feet (60 meters) out of the water.

“It tasted fantastic. It was a very sweet champagne, with a tobacco taste and oak,” Ekstrom vividly explained.

The wreck was discovered near the Aland Islands, between Sweden and Finland last Tuesday. Somewhere in the neighborhood of 30 bottles of the prime bubbly are thought to be aboard the sunken derelict ship.

Ekstrom has said that the age and authenticity of the champagne is beyond refute, however samples have been sent off to private laboratories in (where else?) France for testing. “We’re 98 percent sure already because of the bottle (we found),” he explains.. But then, wouldn’t your judgment be a little off after drinking a bottle of bubbly with some friends?

Stay Tuned for the outcome!

Wonder what that would go for on Ebay?

Scuba divers are threatening the survival of the infinitesimal Pygmy seahorses found on the coral reefs around Sabah’s east coast islands in Malaysia.

Sabah, a Malaysian state situated in the northern part of the island of Borneo, is home to two species of pygmy seahorse Hippocampus bargibanti and Hippocampus denise. Both species are fairly widespread in South East Asia and are found on coral slopes from southern Japan and Indonesia to northern Australia and New Caledonia.

Barely five years ago, the pygmy seahorses were discovered at popular Sabah divespots, such as Bodgaya, Mabul and Pulau Sipadan, and since then dive operators have brought large numbers of scuba divers to see the tiny creatures. In some of the most popular spots, over 100 divers can be seen exploring the reef simultaneously and this puts a lot of stress on the reef and its inhabitants.

Photographing divers have for instance been spotted breaking off sea fans – the natural habitat of the pygmy seahorses – and moved them just to get a better angle for their pictures.

In an effort to improve the conditions for the seahorses, marine biologist Yeong Yee Ling of the Universiti Malaysia Terengganu has held a two-day seminar about how to behave when scuba diving in seahorse habitat. The seminar was attended by 57 participants, including representatives from most of the 15 dive operators based in Semporna. Sabah Parks, the conservation-based statutory responsible for conserving the scenic, scientific and historic heritage of the state of Sabah, was also involved in the event.

“Our hope is that the discussions from the seminar would eventually be synthesised into a code of conduct for divers. We are thankful the dive operators have been supportive of this effort,” said Yeong, who has been researching pygmy seahorses for the past three years.

The seminar was funded by the Shell Malaysia’s Sustainable and Development Grant.

The Maldives is planning to ban shark fishing in its waters, a move which would make the Maldives the first nation in the region to enact such a protective law.

The announcement was made by the Maldives Minister of State for Fisheries and Agriculture, Dr Hussein Rasheed Hassan, at the South West Indian Ocean Fisheries Commission steering committee meeting in Mombasa.

“We have realised that it is more economically viable to leave the shark and other sea creatures unharmed because the country currently earns about $7 million annually from the diving industry,” said the minister.

In 1998, the Maldives imposed a 10-year moratorium banning shark fishing around seven atolls that received a lot of vacationers from abroad. Now, the country intends to expand the ban to include all reef shark fishing across the Maldives within a 12 nautical mile radius (22km).

During recent years, the number of sharks in the Maldives has plummeted due to overfishing for the lucrative shark fin market.

“The marine ecosystem is very fragile and that is why we have to regulate activities that coupled with the treats of climate change could adversely affect the major sources of income for the country,” Hassan explained.

The Maldives is an island country consisting of a group of atolls stretching south of India’s Lakshadweep islands. Despite having a population of no more than roughly 300,000 individuals, the Maldives receives over 600,000 tourists each year.

Bermuda‘s first Lionfish Tournament resulted in just four participants returning with lionfish for the weigh-in. Although this might sound disheartening, it is actually happy news for Lionfish project leader Chris Flook of the Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo since it indicates a relative scarcity of lionfish in Bermuda waters.

Lionfish is an invasive species in the Caribbean where it lacks naturally predators and multiplies uncontrollably. In the Bahamas, female lionfish spawn twice a month. Lionfish Tournaments like the one just held in the Bermudas is a way to boost public awareness and decimate the number of lionfish in the Caribbean. A Lionfish Tournament held in the Bahamas a few weeks ago resulted in the catch of about 1,400 lionfish.

“If we’d caught 1,000 fish it would have been very concerning, because it means it’s happening here like everywhere else,” Flook explained. “It means we may be ahead of the game and are potentially managing the population here in Bermuda.”

However, Flook also said that one of the reasons why not many fish were caught Bermuda’s Lionfish Tournament could be that they were hiding in deep waters following the storm surge of the recent Hurricane Bill and Tropical Storm Danny.

Mr. Flook began the Lionfish Culling Programme last year to encourage divers and fishermen to hunt down the species. Organised by environmental group Groundswell, the ‘Eat ‘um to beat ‘um’ event also aimed to show how invasive lionfish can be utilized as a food source.

“I think everybody who tasted it was very for it. It’s a great tasting fish,” said Flook, as Chris Malpas, executive chef at the Bank of Butterfield, cooked up samples of speared lionfish at Pier 41.

“The tournament has got the message out and so now hopefully people might start asking for lionfish in restaurants and fishermen will bring them in rather than throwing them overboard.

By eating lionfish we will take the pressure off some of our commercial fish. Every one you take is one less eating our juvenile fish,” said Flook.

If you want to know more about spearfishing lionfish in Bermudas, contact the Bermuda Aquarium at 293-2727 ext. 127, or the Marine Conservation Officer at 293-4464 extension 146 or e-mail lionfish@gov.bm. The Marine Conservation Officer should also be contacted if you see a lionfish in Bermuda waters.

An Australian frigate will be sunk off Terrigal on the New South Wales Central Coast to form an artificial reef.

Yesterday, the commonwealth handed over its decommissioned frigate HMAS Adelaide to the New South Wales government. HMAS Adelaide served the Royal Australian Navy for 27 years, participating in operations such as the Gulf War of 1991 and the East Timor peace-keeping mission of 1999. It has picked up capsized yachtsmen in the Southern Sea as well as rescued asylum seekers from a sinking ship.

“I think this is a great project, I’m very confident we’ll see HMAS Adelaide become a great national, and I suspect international, attraction for recreational divers […],” said Defence Minister John Faulkner.

NSW Premier Nathan Rees agrees with Faulkner.

“Coral will grow on the metal you see before you, fish will swim through the corridors that once rang with the sound of action stations,” he said. “And divers will find a place of contemplation and beauty as nature slowly reclaims her broken frame.”

The federal government will contribute up to 5.8 million AUS to make the ship is safe before it’s sunk.

A new study funded by the U.S. navy and the Office of Naval Research show that Beaked whales are at higher risk of developing decompression sickness since they live with extremely high levels of nitrogen in their blood and body tissues. This may explain why beaked whales seem to be especially susceptible to naval sonar. If the sonar causes the animals to surface more rapidly than they would normally do, e.g. because they are frightened by the underwater sounds, it may lead to decompression sickness which may in turn explain the strandings associated with naval sonar exercises.

Decompression sickness, commonly referred to as “the bends” among scuba divers, is a consequence of the sudden drop in pressure that occurs when you ascend rapidly from the deep. When mammals dive, nitrogen builds in our bodies. If we ascend slowly the nitrogen isn’t dangerous, but if we ascend too quickly the nitrogen forms bubbles inside the body. Tiny bubbles might not sound like anything to fuzz about, but within the body it can be lethal.

Beaked whales are believed to accumulate large amounts of nitrogen within their bodies since they make repeated dives to such great depths. They can stay submerged without breathing for long periods of time and are capable of descending down to nearly 1,500 metres. Having this inclination for decompression sickness may explain why beaked whales seem to be more vulnerable to naval sonar than other marine mammals.

“It provides more evidence that beaked whales that are being found dead in association with naval sonar activities are likely to be getting decompression sickness,” said Robin Baird, a marine biologist at Cascadia Research Collective and one of the report’s authors.

The study has focused on three species of beaked whale: Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris), Blainville’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris), and the Northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus). The Northern bottlenose whale was studied off the cost of Nova Scotia, Canada while the two others were observed around Hawaii, U.S.

According to a 2006 report in the Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 41 known cases of mass strandings of Cuvier’s beaked whales have occurred since 1960. Some of them have happened at the same time as naval sonar exercises in the area, including Greece in 1996, the Bahamas in 2000, and the Canary Islands in 2002. When the beaked whales stranded in Bahamas were autopsied, they turned out to have bleedings around their brains and ears; bleedings which may have been caused by nitrogen bubbles.

The U.S. navy has agreed to adopt certain practises to protect whales, but is resisting more stringent restrictions until more scientific evidence is at hand. The navy has budgeted 26 million US per year over the next five years to fund marine mammal research on how these animals are affected by sound.

If you wish to find out more about the beaked whale study, it is published online this week in the journal Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology.