Genetic pattern analysis strongly suggests that California and British Columbia urchins are not connected via larval dispersal and comprise two distinct populations. Sea urchins have one of the longest larval periods of any known marine invertebrate and it has therefore been tempting to assume that ocean currents must be mixing urchin larvae all over the place, making it difficult for any distinct populations to form. But research results from the University of California now indicate that these two Pacific populations are two clearly separated ones.

Sea urchins –  Picture from the Red Sea

Together with former* graduate student Celeste Benham, marine biology professor Ron Burton of the University of California at San Diego have analyzed 500 adult sea urchins from Californian waters across five microsatellite markers and then compared the genetic patterns to an existing, similar database of 1,400 urchins from British Columbia. The Californian specimens were collected off the coast of San Diego, Los Angeles and Mendocino counties.

The genetic signatures found by Burton and Benham strongly suggest that the southern and northern populations are not connected via larval dispersal.

“From my evolutionary perspective, our results are important because they imply that, even on long time scales, there is no mixing, Burton explains. This means there is at least the potential for populations to adapt to different ocean conditions and gradually diverge. This is the first step in the two populations potentially becoming different species.”

This is the first time scientists have detected any population structure in the species. Similar studies carried out in the past have used fewer genetic markers and found no population genetics structure in the species despite having tested many different patches across its range.

“The take-home message of this study is that if you use more markers and newer techniques you will find some population differentiation that before nobody found,” says Burton.

* Benham is now a research assistant at the marine mammal laboratory at Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute in San Diego.

The Salmon runs in British Columbia are known to fluctuate, with good years being followed by poorer ones. Since the mid-1990s, most years have however been bad and many explanations for this situation have been offered, from El Nino and too warm streams, to over-fishing and habitat destruction. It is of course tempting for the fishing industry to place the blame solely on natural phenomena like El Nino, but it is hard to turn a blind eye on the immense amounts of salmon caught from the rivers of British Columbia each year.

Take for instance Fraser River, the longest river in British Columbia with a total length of 1,375 km (870 mi) and a drainage area of roughly 220,000 km² (85,000 sq mi). This is a heavily exploited river and the lower reaches are especially affected by habitat destruction brought on by agricultural, industrial and urban developments. The last great salmon run in this river took place as far back as 1913, when an estimated 38 million sockeye salmons returned to spawn. Out of those 38 millions, no less than 32 millions were caught and utilized as food fish. Four years later, the run had been diminished to a mere 8 million sockeyes, but this didn’t stop the government from allowing 7.3 millions of them to be caught. In 2008, an estimated 1.6 million sockeye salmon returned to Fraser River, but despite the extremely low figure the federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans allowed commercial, sport and native fishermen to continue their fishing activities. Since the early 1900s, about 40 to 70 per cent of any given run has normally been allowed to be taken in nets.

An attempt to look at the bright side. The media writes a lot about all the problems the high oil price causes. The problems it causes in house hold budgets, how it affects the US trade deficit and how it drives inflation but we don’t take the time to see the positive effects associated with a higher oil price. You might not think the benefits are large enough to offset the drawbacks and you might be right but it can none the less be good to be aware of the benefits. Below I will list a few of the benefits but there are many more.

Reduced oil consumption

The increased oil price means that people drive less which reduces the carbon dioxide emissions. It might feel like an inconvenient to walk to the movies instead of taking the car or otherwise change ones travel habitats but it do help the environment. Even if we look beyond our personal driving habits we can see that high oil prices can have more far reaching benefits as it creates an incentive for car manufacturers to make more fuel effective car as a mean to compete in the market. It can also change the buying pattern towards not buying bigger cars than we actually need. The high energy price can also affect our consumption in other areas such as air tickets. Hopefully some of these changes will stick even after the oil price has return to more acceptable levels.

Alternative energy sources

Higher oil prices makes new greener energy sources more economic viable. Some green energy sources become more compatible and are economically competitive when energy and oil prices rise. Higher oil and energy prices also create more incentive for companies to develop and refine green technologies and energy sources as there is a potentially larger, more lucrative market available to sell these products on. One green energy source that becomes more viable with the higher energy price is algae oil. Algae can be used to produce high quality oil that can be used to produce gasoline and even jet fuel. Algae is much more productive than other crops and one acre used for algae farming can produce several hundred times more oil than other crops used to produce green fuel such s corn. A few algae oil plants are being built this year but the technology is still to be considered experimental. I will post more info on algae oil in a separate article later this week if you want to know more about it. Algae oil is just one example on green energies that becomes more viable when oil prices are higher.

Unfortunately high oil prices also increase the pressure to explore oil resources in sensitive are such as in Alaska and of the Florida coast.

Some fish species get a much needed break

The high oil prices can give a much needed breather for some fish species as fishermen no longer find it economically viable to fish these species or in certain areas. An example of one fish that might end up benefiting from the high oil price is the idiotfish. The idiotfish is a deep sea fish living of the coast of British Columbia and is an appreciated food item in parts of Asia. It was listed as a species of special concern last year by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. The high oil prices have resulted in large parts of the deep sea fishing fleet in British Columbia’ staying in port or fishing in shallower water closer to land. This gives the idiotfish population a much needed chance to rebound. Other fish are in a similar situation and might benefit from the high oil prices.

This was just a few of the benefits of higher oil prices.

Nothing you have read will make it less painful to pay the current gas prices but it can still be nice to know that this misery have a silver lining.

For reasons unknown, massive groups of Humboldt Squid have left their native waters in South America and can now be found all the way up to Alaskan waters. The Humboldt Squid is most commonly found between Tierra del Fuego at the southernmost tip of the South American and the U.S. state of California. Recent findings do however suggest that the species is spreading north into the waters of Oregon, Washington, British Columbia and even Alaska.

The Humboldt Squid can reach a size of 2 meters (7 feet) and weigh 45 kg (100 pounds). Due to its impressive size, it is known under names such as Jumbo Squid and Jumbo Flying Squid. In Spanish speaking parts of South America, it is called Diablo Rojo which means Red Devil. The creature is equipped with 10 arms and a really sharp beak. It is known for its aggressiveness, but research suggests that these animals are only aggressive during feeding time. During feeding frenzies, they have no problem retorting to cannibalism. When not feeding, they seem to be fairly docile.

If you want to learn more about this aggressive predatory squid and its newfound wanderlust, KQED has devoted the Season 2 Web Premiere of the program QUEST to the Humboldt Squid (Dosidicus gigas). QUEST is a TV, radio, web, and education series that explores science, environment and nature in Northern California. You can find the episode here: http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/03/26/quest-season-2-web-premiere-the-fierce-humboldt-squid/