An important step in the ground-breaking Clean Seas Tuna breeding program was taken today when millions of dollars worth of Southern Bluefin Tuna was airlifted from sea pens off South Australia’s Eyre Peninsula to an on-shore breeding facility at Arno Bay.

The Southern Bluefin Tuna is a highly appreciated food fish and the remaining wild populations are continuously being ravished by commercial fishing fleets, despite the species status as “critically endangered” on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

The Australian tuna breeding program is the first of its kind and will hopefully help ease the strain on wild populations. The air transfer was made to provide the breeding program with an egg supply ahead of the spawning period.

As reported earlier, the Australian company Clean Seas Tuna managed to successfully produce Southern Bluefin Tuna fingerlings in March this year and they are now hoping to commence commercial production of the species no later than October.

WWF Australia’s fisheries program manager Peter Trott says any advancement that would reduce pressure on wild tuna stocks is welcome, but he also cautions against the environmental problems associated with large-scale aquacultures. It is for instance common to use other fish to feed farmed fish, which can put pressure on wild fish populations.

According to a new report from Ningaloo Reef, the number of whale sharks in its waters is on the increase. The study, published in the journal Endangered Species Research (ESR), was made possible thanks to ECOCEAN – a new type of online photo-identification technology.

The system works by encouraging members of the public to send in their photos of whale shark, photos which are then stored in the in a database. Once they are in the data base, scientist can identify each whale shark using the pattern-recognition software.

Baby whale shark in the Phillipines.
Picture by WWF PF. Support WWF

The new technology in combination with the aid of citizens makes it easier for scientists to learn more about the migratory habits of the whale shark, the world’s larger fish. Prior to the 1980’s there were no more than 350 confirmed sightings of whale shark around the globe.

Since the project first began in 1993, over 500 new individual whale sharks have been discovered at Ningaloo Reef.

“Why are more and more juveniles arriving on the reef? It’s unclear, but it’s positive news,” says Jason Holmberg, lead author of the study.

Brad Norman, founder of the ECOCEAN whale shark project and Murdoch University, says the research shows that whale sharks can increase where they are well-protected.

“We have also demonstrated the power of citizen-science, that ordinary people around the world can make a real contribution to serious research and conservation,” he says. “Thanks to increasing levels of data collection, we’re finally able to estimate how many whale sharks appear annually, how long they typically remain at Ningaloo Marine Park (NMP), their patterns of arrival and departure and shifts in their population structure.”

In some countries whale sharks are still harvested commercially, while others have shifted over to whale safaris which can generate a substantial income through ecotourism. The researchers from Curtin University have shown that whale shark ecotourism can be advantageous for local communities around whale shark ‘hotspots’ such as the Ningaloo Reef.

“Our results indicate that without whale sharks at Ningaloo Marine Park (NMP) up to $4.6 million* would be lost from the local economy,” says Norman.

The success of the online collaboration between scientist and citizens has prompted researchers to issue a worldwide call to vacationers and divers to join in a global effort to monitor and protect the whale shark. You can find more information at www.whaleshark.org.

* 4.6 million AUD equals roughly 3.4 million USD

According to University of Washington geologist and tsunami expert Jody Bourgeois, the idea that chevrons – a type of large U- or V-shaped formations found along certain coasts – were caused by mega-tsunamis is pure nonsense.

The term chevron refers a special type of vast dunes shaped a bit like the stripes on soldier’s uniform. They can be anything from hundreds of meters to a kilometre in length and can be seen in places such as Egypt, the Bahamas, Madagascar, and Australia.

Some scientists have suggested that a possible explanation for these mysterious stripes is mega-tsunamis caused by asteroid or comet impact. According to this school of thought, the chevrons may be deposits left by gigantic tsunamis 4,800 to 5,000 years ago, tsunamis that might have been up to 10 times larger than the earthquake-caused Indian Ocean tsunami of December 2005. Due to the location of known chevrons, the Indian Ocean has been suggested as ground zero for the comet or asteroid impact.

Bourgeois, a professor of Earth and space sciences who has studied earthquakes and tsunamis in various parts of the world, does not agree. According her, the chevrons are not lined up the way you would expect from deposits caused by gigantic waves. Many of the chevrons on Madagascar are for instance parallel to the coastline, instead of perpendicular to the shore.

Models created by Bourgeois’ colleague Robert Weiss, assistant professor of geology at

Texas A&M University, show that deposits formed by gigantic tsunamis would point in the same direction as the waves were travelling when the reached land, which is mostly perpendicular to the shore.

“And if it really was from an impact, you should find evidence on the coast of Africa too, since it is so near,” Bourgeois explains.

The computer model generated actual conditions for a tsunami which made it possible to use the model to explore the effects of an asteroid or comet hitting the part of the Indian Ocean suggested by mega-tsunami chevron proponents. According to the model, the gigantic waves would approach land at a 90-degree orientation to the chevron deposits.

“The model shows such a tsunami could not have created these chevrons, unless you have some unimaginable process at work,” Bourgeois says.

Bourgeois and Weiss have used satellite images from Google Earth to get close-up looks at chevrons in different locations. Chevron are most common in coastal regions but you can find quite a lot of them in semiarid inland areas as well.

Bourgeois and Weiss wrap up their paper, which can be found in the May issue of the journal Geology, by stating that “the extraordinary claim of ‘chevron’ genesis by megatsunamis cannot withstand simple but rigorous testing. […] There are the same forms in the Palouse in eastern Washington state, and those are clearly not from a tsunami.”

In Australia, a live shark was dumped on the doorstep of The Standard’s Raglan Parade office in Warrnambool shortly after midnight on April 22.

Fortunately for the shark, a local resident passed by, saw the shark, and alerted the police.

“I’d just come out of McDonald’s and there was another gentleman there and he told me there was a shark on the doorstep,” the man said to the Standard. “I thought he must have been drunk . . . but I put a spotlight on it and the shark was just sitting there perfectly still and you could see its gills going.“

Since the man didn’t have a phone with him, he drove to the police station, hoping someone there would believe him.

“I said to the policewoman at the counter: ‘I’m not sure how to explain this but there’s a shark on the front door of The Standard and it’s still alive’ and she said ‘what?’. It’s not something you hear about every day.“

The man said he drove home and told his girlfriend, who didn’t believe him. To convince her, he took her to The Standard’s front door where they found police officers busy pouring water over the poor shark to keep it alive.

The officers responsible for saving the shark and bringing it back to sea were Constable Jarrod Dwyer and Acting Sergeant Greg Cresell who, after pouring water over the animal, loaded it into their divvy van and transported their unusual passenger to the ocean.

“I nursed it on the front seat (of the divvy van) and we took it to the breakwater and put it back in the water near the boat ramp,” Constable Dwyer said. “It was literally right on the doorstep of The Standard.” He said the shark swam off when placed in the breakwater.

Acting Sergeant Cresell said it was one of the most bizarre incidents he’d come across in his time as a police officer.

“We’ve had some strange things in the van before but never a shark,” he said. “We wanted to save it and the longer it was out of the water the worse it was for it.”

The approximately 60 cm long fish has been identified as a Port Jackson shark by Ian Westhorpe, senior fisheries officer with the Department of Primary Industries. The Port Jackson shark is a common southern species but not often taken on a hook.

Not returning a fish to the water if you don’t intend to keep it is an offence, Westhorpe explained, and it will usually result in an on-the-spot fine.

“These laws are there to encourage the humane handling of fish,” Westhorpe said.

He also added that a Port Jackson shark isn’t dangerous to humans, except for the two venomous dorsal spines located near the dorsal fins.

Warrnambool police are investigating the incident and wish to speak with anyone with information.

Good news from Queensland: Certain reefs in Australia’s Great Barrier Reef Marine Park seem to have undergone a remarkable recovery since the devastating Keppel Islands coral bleaching event of 2006.

In 2006, massive and severe coral bleaching occurred around the Keppel Islands due to high sea temperatures. After being bleached, the reefs rapidly became overgrown with a species of seaweed and scientists feared this would be the end of the corals.

Picture is not from Keppel Island. It is another part of the Great barrier reef

Earlier studies have indicated that reefs that do manage to recover from catastrophes like this one need at least a decade or two to bounce back. However, a lucky combination of three previously underestimated ecological mechanisms now seems to have made it possible for the Keppel Islands reefs to make an amazing recovery, with large numbers of corals re-establishing themselves within a single year.

“Three factors were critical,” says Dr Guillermo Diaz-Pulido, from the Centre for Marine Studies at The University of Queensland and the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies (CoECRS). “The first was exceptionally high regrowth of fragments of surviving coral tissue. The second was an unusual seasonal dieback in the seaweeds, and the third was the presence of a highly competitive coral species, which was able to outgrow the seaweed.“

Dr Diaz-Pulido also stresses that the astonishing recovery took place in a well-protected marine area where the water quality is at least moderately good.

Surviving tissue, not sexual reproduction

“The exceptional aspect was that corals recovered by rapidly regrowing from surviving tissue,” explains Dr Sophie Dove, also from CoECRS and The University of Queensland. “Recovery of corals is usually thought to depend on sexual reproduction and the settlement and growth of new corals arriving from other reefs. This study demonstrates that for fast-growing coral species asexual reproduction is a vital component of reef resilience.”

Buying time

According to Professor Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, also of the CoECRS and The University of Queensland, understanding the different mechanisms of resilience will be critical for reef management under climate change. “Clearly, we need to urgently deal with the problem of rising carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but managing reefs to reduce the impact of local factors can buy important time while we do this. Our study suggests that managing local stresses that affect reefs, such as overfishing and declining water quality, can have a big influence on the trajectory of reefs under rapid global change.”

Dr Laurence McCook from the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority agrees. “As climate change and other human impacts intensify, we need to do everything we possibly can to protect the resilience of coral reefs. This combination of circumstances provided a lucky escape for the coral reefs in Keppel Islands, but is also a clear warning for the Great Barrier Reef.“

You can find out more about the remarkable recovery in the paper “Doom and boom on a resilient reef: Climate change, algal overgrowth and coral recovery”, published in the journal PLoS ONE, by Guillermo Diaz-Pulido, Laurence J. McCook, Sophie Dove, Ray Berkelmans, George Roff, David I. Kline, Scarla Weeks, Richard D. Evans, David H. Williamson and Ove Hoegh-Guldberg.

In a world first, the Australian company Clean Seas Tuna has managed to successfully rear Southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) in captivity. This breakthrough opens up the way for the development of an alternative to wild-caught tuna.

Clean Seas Tuna announced on April 20 that their tuna broodstock had spawned continuously during a 35-day period from March 12 to April 16, and that the company now had succeeded in raising 28-day-old 2.5 cm tuna fingerlings. During the breeding period, over 50 million fertilised eggs and 30 million larvae were produced by the captive held tunas.

“This is equal to Armstrong walking on the moon,” says an elated Hagen Stehr, chairman of Clean Seas Tuna. Clean Seas Tuna now hope to breed tuna in their facilities off Port Lincoln. “The achievements are world firsts and major stepping stones to present the world with a sustainable tuna resource for the future. There are a number of other hurdles to overcome, but Australia can now achieve total sustainability in tuna.“

According to Fisheries Research and Development Corporation executive director Dr Patrick Hone, farm raised tuna can be a solution to the problem of falling world-wide fish stocks and increased seafood consumption.

“Australia uses 450,000 tonnes of fish a year of which 70 per cent is imported,” says Dr Hone. “Our goal is to lift farmed finfish production from about 50,000 tonnes to 100,000 tonnes annually by 2015.”

Large-scale commercial fish farming is however not a completely unproblematic endeavour from an ecological point of view and farmers will be forced to find solutions for sustainable water management, run-off handling, and food procurement if they truly wish to make farmed tuna an environmentally friendly alternative to wild caught fish.  It is however no doubt that it could provide the wild tuna population with a well needed chance to recover.

Nearly 40 miles (60 km) of beaches along the Australian east coast has been declared a disaster zone due to the massive amounts of oil and chemicals that leaked out from a Hong-Kong registered cargo ship on Wednesday.

According to Queensland state official, the beaches along the Moreton Island[1], Bribie Island[2], and the southern area of the Sunshine Coast[3] have taken the hardest hit and the oil spill is the worst to affect Queensland in decades. You can see an animation showing the sequence of events here: http://www.msq.qld.gov.au/resources/file/eb697a008fb8b4f/Pacific_animation.wmv

The Hong-Kong registered ship, a 185 metre container ship named Pacific Adventurer, was enroute from Newcastle to Indonesia via Brisbane when it got caught in Cyclone Hamish and lost over 30 shipping containers in the heavy seas about seven nautical miles east of Cape Moreton. The falling containers damaged the ship which resulted in heavy fuel oil getting into the water.

As of now, the Environmental Protection Agency, Emergency Services, and local government are working together in an effort to limit the consequences of the spill. Massive cleaning up efforts has been launched and affected animals are being treated by trained wildlife carers. According to Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, the clean-up effort could end up costing millions of dollars.

Queensland State Premier Anna Bligh says that Swire Shipping, the company owning the ship, could end up paying for the clean-up. “We are investigating the entire incident and if there is any basis for a prosecution, we will not hesitate to take that action – the total cost of the clean-up will rest with this company.” If found guilty of environmental breaches, Swire Shipping may also be facing fines of up to AUS $1,500,000 (US$ 977,000).

Initially, reports of the accident contained the number 20-30 tonnes of leaked oil, but the true number has now turned out be ten times this figure – a shocking 230 tonnes of oil. Oil is not only dangerous to wildlife in the short run; it is carcinogenic and can cause long-term effects.

The oil is however not the only problem; the shipping containers from the Pacific Adventurer where filled with ammonium nitrate fertiliser and environmental experts now fear that the nutrients will cause algal blooms and oxygen scarcity in the region. Radar-equipped aircrafts are therefore currently searching for the missing 620 tonnes of chemical fertilizer, in hope of finding as many containers as possible intact.

In a statement from Swire Shipping the company ensures that it and its insurers will meet all their responsibilities.

“The company very much regrets the environmental impact caused as a consequence of the vessel being caught in Cyclone Hamish. The company and its insurers will meet all their responsibilities. It has chartered a helicopter to survey the extent of the oil slick and to try to locate the containers. The company is in contact with Queensland government officials and has offered to provide any information that will help the clean up campaign to be targeted efficiently to minimise beach pollution and environmental impact. The companys oil pollution expert is arriving from the Middle East tonight to assist local authorities and technical experts with the clean up.”

You can find more information about the disaster on Maritime Safety Queensland, a government agency of Queensland Transport:
http://www.msq.qld.gov.au/Home/About_us/Msq_headlines/Headlines_pacific_adventurer

For information about volunteering or reporting sick or injured wildlife, contact the Queensland Environmental Protection Agency: http://www.epa.qld.gov.au

Statements and information from Swire Shipping can be found here:
http://www.swireshipping.com/web/news.jsp?fid=368

This year, fishermen in the southern ocean of Australia report seeing more tuna than in 20 years. They report not only bigger catches, but also that the average tuna is about 20% lager than previous years.

Australian Tuna Association chief executive Brian Jeffries says: “There’s a lot more fish out there than there has been in the past 10 years and the fish are bigger in that period.”

This leads some to believe that the tuna population is recovering and that it has been doing so since 2006 when it was discovered that Japanese boats were catching 40,000 tonnes of southern blue fin tuna illegally each year and had been doing so for at least 20 years. The discovery lead to a crack down on Japanese illegal fishing and the illegal fishing in the region has, although still preset, dramatically dropped since 2006.

Is the tuna population in the Southern Ocean starting to recover, or is this just a sign of an imminent collapse – similar to the good years that preceded the cod collapse in the Atlantic? Only the future can tell.

On January 22, 48 sperm whales were found stranded on Perkins Island, off the northwest coast of Tasmania, Australia Despite efforts to rescue the whales, only five specimens were alive by late Friday and three of them died during the night. Rescuers now hope that at least these two whales will be able to return safely to the sea.

The reason behind the stranding is believed to be a special wind pattern that brings nutrients up to the surface. Karen Evans, a government scientist, said the winds occur in a 10-year cycle in this region. As the winds bring nutrients up through the water column, squids and other suitable sperm whale prey follows and this is what lures the whales too close to the shallows. In November, two large groups of pilot whales stranded in the same region.

“I’ve flown over this area where the sperm whales are, and it’s almost like a whale death trap,” says Evans. “There are lots of wide sandbars and beaches, all kinds of traps for animals that go into it.”

The Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus or Physeter catodon) is the largest of all toothed whales and largest living toothed animal. Some of the animals that where found stranded on Perkins Island were more than 30 feet (over 9 metres) in length, but male sperm whales can actually reach a length of at least 67 feet (over 20 metres). Sperm whales feed mainly on squid and fish, including Colossal squid (Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni) and Giant squids of the genus Architeuthis.

Vast amounts of creatures looking like jelly balls have begun to appear off the eastern coast of Australia, and researchers now suspect that these animals may help slow down global warming by moving carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the ocean floor.

The proper English name for this “jelly ball” being is salp. A salp is a barrel-shaped free-floating tunicate that moves around in the ocean by contracting and relaxing its gelatinous body. Just like the other tunicates, the salp is a filter feeder that loves to eat phytoplankton and this is why it has caught the attention of scientists researching global warming.

Phytoplankton are famous for their ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the top level of the sea, and a salp feasting on phytoplankton will excrete that carbon dioxide in the form of faeces. The faeces will drop to the ocean floor; thus lowering the amount of carbon dioxide present in the upper part of the ocean. Since the carbon dioxide found in this level of the sea chiefly hails from the atmosphere, phytoplankton and salps are a great aid when it comes to removing carbon dioxide from the air. Salps will also bring carbon down to the ocean floor when they die, which happens fairly often since the life cycle of this organism is no more than a few weeks.

Salp species can be found in marine environments all over the world, but they are most abundant and concentrated in the Southern Ocean near Antarctica where it is possible to encounter enormous swarms of salp. Over the last 100 years, krill populations in the Southern Ocean have declined and salp populations seem to be replacing them in this cold ecosystem. According to researcher Mark Baird of the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Research Organization (CSIRO), the amount of salps in the waters off Australia are also on the increase, at least according to a survey carried out last month by CSIRO and the University of New South Wales.

While salp may help slow down global warming, their increase may also cause problems. Salp has a fairly low nutrient content and salps replacing nutrient rich krill in the Southern Sea may therefore prove detrimental for oceanic animals higher up in the food chain.