Acesulfame K passes through the human body into wastewater, survives water treatment and accumulates in groundwater, Swiss researchers have found.

Acesulfame K turned out to be much more resilient towards treatment than saccharin, sucralose, and cyclamate – three other popular and commonly used artificial sweeteners.

The scientists tested tap water, urban groundwater, and both treated and untreated water samples from 10 different wastewater treatment plants. They also collected water samples from four rivers and eight lakes near Zurich and from a remote alpine lake.

In the untreated wastewaters, they could detect the presence of all four sweeteners (acesulfame K, saccharin, sucralose, and cyclamate), but in treated water 90% of saccharine and 99% of cyclamate were eliminated. Sucralose withstood treatment somewhat better, but the concentrations were still small. Surprisingly enough, acesulfame K proved much more resilient towards treatment and the equivalent of 10 milligrams per person per day could be detected in both untreated and treated waters.

Treated water often end up in lakes and rivers and no one knows whether acesulfame K has any impact on fish or the environment.

“These concentrations are astronomically high,” says Associate Professor Bruce Brownawell, an environmental chemist at Stony Brook University, New York “If I had to guess, this is the highest concentration of a compound that goes through sewage treatment plants without being degraded.”

The research team found no detectable amounts of artificial sweeteners in the remote alpine lake, but in the other rivers and lakes the amount of acesulfame K increase proportionally with nearby human population sizes. Acesulfame could also be detected in 65 of 100 groundwater samples and small amounts of the sweetener were also present in tap water. The levels detected are not considered detrimental to human health and were far too low to change the taste of the water.

The study has been published in the journal Environmental Science & Technology .

After a 1,100-mile voyage and more than ten years of planning and acquiring funding resources, the ex-military ship Gen. Hoyt S. Vandenberg finally arrived in Key West this Wednesday.

The ship is scheduled to be sunk sometime between May 20 and June 1 and will eventually form the second largest artificial reef in the world. The ship will rest some six miles south of Key West in 140 feet of water in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.

“We’re all pretty excited here in Key West and particularly in view of the fact this is going to be the second largest artificial reef in the world,” said Key West City Commissioner Bill Verge, who is serving as a project liaison between the city and various state and federal agencies.

“One of the big products that we make here is happy vacations,” said Joe Weatherby who conceived the project some 13 years ago. “And we feel that this artificial reef is the world’s best product ever produced for scuba diving. People are going to come from all over the world to dive this, but this product also has been designed so we can offer it to glass bottom boat riders, snorkelers or new divers as well as advanced divers, it holds interest for all of them.”

The Vandenberg is now undergoing final preparations before the scuttling and is for instance fitted with several hundred big holes along its decks and sides to prevent it from falling over as it sinks. The ship has already been ridded from potentially dangerous materials by two Norfolk, Va., shipyards who removed 71 cubic yards of asbestos, 193 tons of materials that contained potentially carcinogenic substances, 46 tons of refuse, 300 pounds of mercury-containing materials and 185 55-gallon drums of paint chips. The cleaning required 75,000 man-hours and used up 70 percent of the projects $8.6 million US dollars.

The artificial reef is becoming a reality thanks to the cooperation of a lot of different people and entities. It is funded by Monroe County, the Florida Governor’s Office of Tourism, Trade and Economic Development; City of Key West, U.S. Maritime Administration, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Keys & Key West tourism council, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration as well as by industry and private donations. Banks that provided loans include First State Bank of the Florida Keys, BB&T and Orion.

As of now, you can find the Vandenberg docked behind the USS Mohawk at the East Quay Wall in Truman Annex Harbor. The USS Mohawk is a historic Coast Guard ship open as a floating museum.

History of the Gen. Hoyt S. Vandenberg

This ship has not always been known under the name Gen. Hoyt S. Vandenberg; it used to be a U.S. Army troop transport named the General Harry Taylor. In 1963 it got its new name, the Gen. Hoyt S. Vandenberg, as it began tracking the U.S. space program’s launches off Cape Canaveral. Vandenberg has also been used for monitoring U.S. defense missile test launches in the Pacific as well as eaves dropping on Russian missile launches during the Cold War. Its last active duty homeport was Port Canaveral in Florida, from 1976 to the ships formal retirement in 1983.

In 1983, the Vandenberg was moved to the James River Naval Reserve Fleet. Even though it had been formally retired, it was still kept in a state of readiness in case it would be needed again. Every six months, technicians would power up all its electronics and make any necessary repairs. It was kept like this for 10 years until it was formally struck from the naval register in 1993 and transferred to the Maritime Administration.

After this, the ship began a new life and did for instance serve as a Russian science ship in the 1999 movie “Virus,” where it played its part alongside Hollywood stars like William Baldwin, Jamie Lee Curtis, and Donald Sutherland.