Straddling the heavily populated border between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, Lake Kivu contains huge amounts of dissolved carbon dioxide and highly combustible methane gas.

Scientists believe the overall danger across the lake as a whole is small, but a pocket of gas in the comparatively shallow Gulf of Kabuno in the north-western corner of the lake may prove more problematic. Just 12 meters below the surface, an estimated three cubic kilometres of carbon dioxide is present, right atop a tectonic faultline. Scientists fear a major earthquake or a large lava flow from a nearby volcano could lead to a giant release of gas from the gulf.

Congo’s environment minister warned on Tuesday that this gas could explode any day, threatening the lives of tens of thousands.

“The risk of explosion is imminent,” environment minister Jose Endundo told Reuters in an interview. “It’s like a bottle of Coca-Cola or champagne. If there is too much pressure inside the bottle, it will explode. It’s the same phenomenon.”

In 1986, about 1,700 people were killed in Cameroon as 1,2 million tonnes of carbon dioxide trapped under Lake Nyos was released into the air.

“The risk is that this gas escapes and asphyxiates thousands of people. There is an urgent need to evacuate gas from the Gulf of Kabuno, which now holds 10 times the amount of carbon dioxide that Lake Nyos contained,” Endundo said.

“Anything is possible, if this cloud is pushed by the wind,” says Michel Halbwachs, a volcanologist and Lake Kivu expert with France’s Universite de Savoie. “We could have a very light scenario or we could have a very heavy scenario. (…) Entire neighbourhoods could be hit.“

The shores of the Gulf of Kabuno are home to several large villages, and roughly 20 km to the east is the city of Goma with a resident population of roughly 1 million.

The World Bank has set aside $3 million to fund a project to remove gas from the gulf, but this isn’t enough to complete the project and Congo is therefore currently looking for other sources of finance. Earlier this year, Congo and Rwanda agreed to a joint project to produce 200 megawatts of power from Lake Kivu’s methane reserves. Pumping out the carbon dioxide together with the methane reserves could help alleviate the risk of a disaster. Rwanda is already extracting small amounts of methane from the lake using a demonstration rig. By the end of last year, the rig was producing 2 megawatts of power.

Europe’s first artificial surf reef is now undergoing its final adjustments to be ready for the start of the UK surf season in September, and it is already attracting surfers.

”Even as the finishing touches are made to the reef body boarders have already been surfing the hollow, powerful barrels that it was intended to produce,” says Paul Clarke of the Bournemouth Surfing Centre. ”It will put Boscombe on the map as the top south coast surfing spot. The water here is between three to five degrees warmer than around the rest of the country which makes the season longer as the water is still warm into the autumn.”

Dr Kerry Black, managing director of ASR Ltd, designed the Boscombe surf reef after travelling the entire Pacific Rim measuring 44 of the world’s best surf breaks to recreate a world-class wave.

Large geo-textile bags pumped hard with sand have been fixed to the sea bed 225 metres from the shore where they will mimic the effects of a natural reef. A reef does not create waves, but it pushes the naturally occurring waves upwards and shapes them into the powerful barrels coveted by surfers. The Boscombe artificial reef is expected to double the height and number of good surfing days. On days with good swell, the reef is expected to provide grade five waves.

”Like any major construction project, there are extensive checks to be undertaken before we can say the project is complete, says ASR Ltd technical director Shaw Mead. ”We are now starting to make all those checks thoroughly and according to the agreed specification and I remain confident that we will finish in September as scheduled.”

The £1.4 million project is part of the £8 million Boscombe Spa Regeneration Project funded through the sale of a seafront car park to a company that will use the space to build flats.

Internet problems keep interfering with the publishing of new posts. Working to fix it.

Florida seems to have gotten its very own alleged sea monster. It lives in the waters off Singer Island in the Lake Worth Lagoon, not far from the Riviera Beach Florida Power & Light plant.

An episode of the TV-show MonsterQuest was dedicated to the Floridian sea monster in April, after a video shot by Palm Beach Gardens resident Gene Sowerwine reached the TV-team. In the video, you can see a trident-shaped tail slapping the water and, in another image, an elongated snout breaking the surface.

As per usual, MonsterQuest didn’t succeed in identifying the animal. According to Florida Atlantic University professor Ed Petuch, the Singer Island sea monster could be a wayward arctic seal, e.g. a Hooded or Bearded seal. In 2006, two Hooded seals were found in this southerly part of the USA; one in Martin Country and the other 2 miles north of The Breakers hotel in Palm Beach. The year after that, a Bearded seal was caught in Fort Lauderdale.

If the Singer Island creature is an arctic seal, this is actually more frightening than any sea monster since it might be a sign of how far over fishing and/or global warming has forced these cold water species.

“Nature is never constant, by law,” Petuch said. “The ice is melting, the surface waters are becoming more fresh water, and it’s driving them out of their normal ranges.”

Martine DeWit, associate research scientist with the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, is leaning towards a less startling but equally sad explanation.

“We know manatees can look like that when they get hit by a propeller,” DeWit said.

A married couple based in Florida Keys have been sentenced to prison for lobster poaching and will have to pay 1.1 million USD to restore the marine sanctuary in which they carried out their illegal activities.

The husband was sentenced to 30 months in prison since he was he was deemed to be the ringleader while his wife got away with 7 months in prison and 7 months of house arrest. They will also forfeit three vessels and three vehicles. In a parallel civil action, the couple was ordered to pay $1.1 million toward the restoration of coral and sea grasses in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.

The couple was indicted last year on a conspiracy charge together with four other lobster-poachers. The six were arrested on the first day of the lobster season after federal agents caught them using hut-like ”casitas” to illegally harvest spiny lobsters from the sanctuary.

In the government’s probe, dubbed Operation Freezer Burn, agents found that the poaching – which had been carried out for two days – had resulted in 1,187 spiny lobsters being caught and stored in freezers at the couple’s home. According to the investigation, the retail market value for such a catch is $21,662 USD.

The couple and three others pleaded guilty, while one defendant was convicted at trial. The couple is expected to raise the money by selling their Cudjoe Key home and another property on Little Torch Key.

A 100 metre by 100 metre* anchor-free zone will be established in Studland Bay in Dorset bay to protect the largest seahorse breeding colony in the United Kingdom. To prevent boaters from accidently anchoring within the zone, it will be marked out by six large buoys fitted with flags on top.

“There might be the odd individual who out of spite or grievance will chose to go on there but it will be well marked so if anyone does it will be intentional”, says Natural England maritime advisor Richard Caldow.

The area will be patrolled by wardens and a map of boating activity will be constructed based on their observations during the busy summer season. Marine experts will then compare data from the anchor-free zone to a control zone where boats can anchor.

“I’m not interested in the names of boats”, Caldow says. “I want to know how many there are and where they are going, particularly the level of boating in the voluntary no anchor zone which will hopefully be none.”

* 109 x 109 yards

Yesterday, French president Nicolas Sarkozy announced that France backs Monaco’s call for an international trade ban for Atlantic and Mediterranean bluefin tuna.

“Ours is the last generation with the ability to take action before it’s too late – we must protect marine resources now, in order to fish better in future. We owe this to fishermen, and we owe it to future generations,” said president Sarkozy at the close of a national stakeholder consultation on France’s future sustainable fisheries and maritime policy, the ‘Grenelle de la Mer’.

This means that France joins the growing list of countries and marine experts that wish to place Bluefin tuna under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) to give the populations a chance to recuperate.

“WWF welcomes the Monaco initiative and the position of France, whose fleets have traditionally caught more bluefin tuna than any other country,” said Dr Sergi Tudela, Head of Fisheries at WWF Mediterranean.

The Principality of Monaco was the first state to announce its willingness to sponsor a proposal to ban international trade in Bluefin tuna and the country is now seeking the support of other states in whose waters this species lives.

“In terms of eligibility for a listing on CITES Appendix I, Atlantic bluefin tuna ticks every box – and then some,” said Dr Susan Lieberman, Director of WWF’s Global Species Programme.

The next CITES conference will be held next year in Qatar, but proposals have to be submitted by 17 October to be eligible for consideration.

“No matter how exquisite it may seem, as if it were some sort of magic, evolution is at most a good trick… and there is a way to make it work. In case of turtle evolution, a major part of the trick was found to be embryonic folding.”

Dr Shigeru Kuratani
Riken Center for Developmental Biology

Ever wondered how the turtle got its shell? So has a Japanese team of scientist and they decided to investigate the subject by comparing turtle embryos with those of chicks and mice.

In turtles, it is the ribs that grow outward and fuse together to form the shell, formally known as the carapace. Having your ribs folded around your body is such a great leap from being a soft bodied animal that scientists have long puzzled over how this change happened in the course of evolution. Just like mammals and birds, turtles hail from a soft-bodied ancestor without any external carapace.

Through their embryological studies, the Japanese team of researchers from the Riken Center for Developmental Biology in Kobe, Japan, was able to identify the key event in the development of a turtle embryo that changes its fundamental “body plan”; the moment when the upper part of its body wall folds in on itself, forcing the ribs outward. This folding process results in a thickening of the deep layer of the turtle’s skin that maps out the position of the shell. As the turtle embryo grows bigger, the folding prevents the ribs from growing inwards.

“In the early embryo, the muscles and skeleton are in similar positions to those of the chicken and mouse”, Dr Kuratani explains.

Last year, a 220-million-year-old fossil was found in China, consisting of a fossilized turtle with an incomplete shell covering the underside of it body.

“The developmental stage of the modern turtle, when the ribs have not encapsulated the shoulder blade yet, resembles the (body) of this fossil species,” says Dr Kuratani.

The team has not yet been able to determine what causes the folding to happen in the first place

“That belongs to a future project,” says Dr Kuratani.

At a meeting in Paris last month, the General Assembly of UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) agreed to introduce a new thermodynamic description of seawater. The new description will be based on a new salinity variable called Absolute Salinity.

“Scientists will now have an accurate measure of the heat content of seawater for inclusion in ocean models and climate projections,” said Hobart-based CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Flagship scientist Dr Trevor McDougall. “Variations in salinity and heat influence ocean currents and measuring those variations are central to quantifying the ocean’s role in climate change. The new values for salinity, density and heat content should be in widespread use within 18 months.”

Salinity is measured using the conductivity of seawater, a technique which assumes that the composition of salt in seawater is the same all over the world – which it isn’t. Salinity varies throughout the world’s oceans and for over one and a half century, scientists have been searching for the ‘magic formula’ for measuring salinity.

“The new approach, involving Absolute Salinity, takes into account the changes in the composition of seasalt between different ocean basins which, while small, are a factor of about 10 larger than the accuracy with which scientists can measure salinity at sea,” Dr McDougall explained.

If everything goes according to plan, the world’s largest ocean observatory will be ready for use by late September, except for the instruments at one node which won’t be installed until next year.

“Scientists and staff at NEPTUNE Canada are delighted to begin the final phase of installation following a decade of planning,” says Dr. Chris Barnes, director of NEPTUNE Canada.

NEPTUNE Canada, the world’s most advanced cabled ocean observatory, consists of five 13-tonne nodes and more than 400 instruments and sensors that will be placed on the seafloor off the coast of British Columbia with the aid of three ships, one Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV), and a team of scientists and marine engineers. The observatory will be attached to a loop of powered fibre-optic cable which was put in place in 2007.

NEPTUNE Canada will use the Internet to transmit information to land-based scientists across the world, thus making it possible for researchers to experiment and investigate the deep sea without having to get their feet wet (or die from the immense pressure). NEPTUNE Canada will also carry out long-term monitoring of ocean processes and events.

“This is truly transformative science,” says Dr. David Turpin, president of the University of Victoria. “At a time when our understanding of the oceans is clearly becoming more essential than ever, NEPTUNE Canada will play a leadership role in advancing our knowledge of the oceans in ways not previously possible. We are launching a new era of ocean exploration.”

NEPTUNE Canada has been designed to withstand the intense pressure and cold of the deep sea as well as trawlers and corrosive saltwater.

“Working with industry partners, we’ve developed a host of novel science experiments, advanced engineering and sensor technologies and innovative data management systems”, says Dr. Barnes. “This is a very exciting time for ocean science.”

A lot of the technology fitted to the observatory is cutting-edge solutions that are now being deployed for the very first time.

Much of the infrastructure for NEPTUNE Canada is being designed, manufactured and installed by Alcatel-Lucent and its main subcontractors. Other main partners are the University of Victoria, the research ship Atlantis operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the research ship Thompson operated by the University of Washington. The project is funded chiefly by the Government of Canada, the Canada Foundation for Innovation, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, CANARIE, and the Government of British Columbia through the BC Knowledge Development Fund.

An Australian frigate will be sunk off Terrigal on the New South Wales Central Coast to form an artificial reef.

Yesterday, the commonwealth handed over its decommissioned frigate HMAS Adelaide to the New South Wales government. HMAS Adelaide served the Royal Australian Navy for 27 years, participating in operations such as the Gulf War of 1991 and the East Timor peace-keeping mission of 1999. It has picked up capsized yachtsmen in the Southern Sea as well as rescued asylum seekers from a sinking ship.

“I think this is a great project, I’m very confident we’ll see HMAS Adelaide become a great national, and I suspect international, attraction for recreational divers […],” said Defence Minister John Faulkner.

NSW Premier Nathan Rees agrees with Faulkner.

“Coral will grow on the metal you see before you, fish will swim through the corridors that once rang with the sound of action stations,” he said. “And divers will find a place of contemplation and beauty as nature slowly reclaims her broken frame.”

The federal government will contribute up to 5.8 million AUS to make the ship is safe before it’s sunk.